Annual rings border well visible; it is easy to distinguish the earlywood from the latewood; the latewood is darker compared to the earlywood; rays are not visible to the naked eye; possible occurrence of resin canals:
More complex structure; rays and vessels often visible; annual rings borders less distinct in some timbers:
Sapwood very narrow, yellowish; heartwood dark brown; annual rings narrow and usually undulated; hard and heavy timber:
- Yew
Sapwood narrow, pinkish; heartwood purplish-brown; distinct odour:
- Juniper
Heartwood reddish-brown:
- Scotch pine
Sapwood very wide, heartwood reddish brown:
- Austrian pine
Sapwood wide, yellowish; heartwood yellowish-brown; quite great and well visible resin canals; very soft and very light timber:
- Weymouth pine
Heartwood dark reddish-brown, sapwood yellowish; very abrupt transition between the earlywood and the latewood:
- Larch
Sapwood is narrower compared to Scotch pine, but wider compared to larch, yellowish; heartwood orange-brown; the zone of the latewood is usually quite wide:
- Douglas fir
Rays visible on the all surfaces; light radial bands in the latewood; heartwood dark brown:
- Oak
Light tangential wavy bands in the latewood; heartwood light brown to chocolate:
- Elm
Light dots in the latewood; heartwood yellowish-green, sapwood very narrow; hard and heavy:
- False acacia
Whitish colour; in old trees dark brown heartwood:
- Ash
Heartwood dark reddish-brown with violet shade, sapwood pinkish:
- Plum
Heartwood is reddish-brown, often with greenish streaks; sapwood pinkish:
- Cherry
Heartwood greyish-black, sapwood greyish-white; vessels well visible to the naked eye:
- Walnut
Pink colour; rays appear on the tangential surface as short dark lines; hard and medium heavy; possible occurrence of the false heartwood:
- Beech
Orange colour; frequent occurrence of the pith flecks; soft and light:
- Alder
Annual rings undulated (transverse surface); whitish colour with grey shade; very hard and heavy:
- Hornbeam
Frequent occurrence of the pith flecks; whitish colour:
- Birch
Whitish to pinkish colour; lustrous; medium hard and medium heavy:
- Maple
Soft and light; whitish to yellowish colour; characteristic odour:
- Lime
Heartwood less distinct; heartwood yellowish-red or yellowish-brown, sometimes with greenish shade; soft and light; usually wide annual rings:
- Poplar
- Willow